Perspectives on urban mobility in promoting physical activity in the context of commuting in Brazil / Perspectivas sobre mobilidade urbana na promoção da atividade física no contexto dos deslocamentos no Brasil

Despite Brazil's important advances in regulatory aspects related to city planning, the disorder-ly growth of Brazilian cities makes it difficult to implement changes that would result in greater opportunities for the active commuting of the population. This essay was designed to reflect on opportunities for improvement in the urban environment to promote physical activity in the context of commuting in Brazil. From this perspective, the study identified policies that promote orderly growth and support active commuting in cities. It also suggested the use of indicators to evaluate and monitor development, with a particular emphasis on active commuting. Furthermore, it is essential to adapt and improve the urban planning process to meet the needs of Brazilian municipalities and foster closer collaboration with civil society. Thus, it will be possible to verify the changes in the urban environment and their impact on the active commuting, promoting the development of healthy and sustainable cities

Apesar do Brasil apresentar importante avanço em aspectos regulatórios relacionados ao planejamento das cidades, o crescimento desordenado das cidades brasileiras dificulta a realização de mudanças que reflitam em maiores oportunidades no deslocamento ativo da população. Este ensaio foi elaborado com objetivo de refletir sobre as oportunidades para melhorias no ambiente urbano para a promoção da atividade física no contexto do deslocamento no Brasil. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo identificou políticas que permitem o crescimento ordenado e favoreça o deslocamento ativo nas cidades, além de sugerir o uso de indicadores para avaliação e monitoramento do desenvolvimento, com especial foco no deslocamento ativo. Ademais, é imprescindível que o processo de planejamento urbano seja adaptado e aprimorado considerando as necessidades dos municípios brasileiros e com aproximação da sociedade civil. Assim, será possível verificar as modificações no ambiente urbano e seu impacto no deslocamento ativo da população, estimulando a criação de cidades saudáveis e sustentáveis

Methodology for using the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes-MAPS in the city of São Paulo / Metodologia de utilização do Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes-MAPS na cidade de São Paulo

The Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes-Global (MAPS Global) is an international instru-ment that aims to characterize the variability of pedestrian environments related to physical activity at the microscale level, being a reliable tool that allows comparisons between locations with different contexts. In this regard, the objective of the present study is to describe the methodological process adopted in the Health Survey of São Paulo or Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA) in portu-guese ­ Physical Activity and Environment survey for the microscale environment assessment with the MAPS-Global instrument. The use of the method in São Paulo city involved several steps and adaptations relevant to the context of the study, such as: meetings with the group responsible for the validation of the method in Brazil, training of researchers for data collection, review of sections and questions and instrument hosting on Google forms, georeferencing of households and preparation of routes, training and certification of evaluators, and data collection procedures. The environment audit presented challenges, even though it was an exclusively online process, 25 months were required for all the stages development since the audit involved a considerable sample of 1,434 subjects, an increased evaluation coverage in cross-segment sections, and a team of seven evaluators. For future data collection it is suggested to consider the time available for auditing, the size of the team for the selected sample, as well as the possibility of adapting the instrument, such as the inclusion or removal of items according to the local context or reality of the study

O Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes-Global (MAPS-Global) é um instrumento internacional que visa caracterizar a variabilidade de ambientes de pedestres relacionados à atividade física ao nível de microescala, sendo uma ferramenta confiável que permite comparações entre locais com diferentes contextos. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo é descrever o processo metodológico adotado na pesquisa Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA) - Atividade Física e Ambiente para a avaliação da microescala do ambiente com o instrumento MAPS-Global. A utilização do método na cidade de São Paulo envolveu diversas etapas e adaptações relevantes para o contexto do estudo, inicialmente foram realizadas reuniões com o grupo responsável por validar o método no Brasil, treinamento dos pesquisadores para coletas de dados, revisão dos blocos e questões, hospedagem do instrumento no Google forms, georreferenciamento dos domicílios, elaboração das rotas, treinamento e certificação dos avaliadores e procedimentos de coletas de dados. A auditagem do ambiente apresentou desafios, mesmo se tratando de um processo exclusivamente online, foram necessários 25 meses para o desenvolvimento de todas as etapas do estudo, pois a avaliação envolveu 1.434 sujeitos, aumento da cobertura da avaliação nas seções dos segmentos e cruzamentos e uma equipe de sete avaliadores. Sugere-se para coletas futuras que seja observado o tempo disponível para auditagem, o tamanho da equipe para a amostra selecionada, bem como a possibilidade realizar adaptações no instrumento como a inclusão ou retirada de itens conforme contexto ou realidade local do estudo

Sedentary Behavior Counseling Received from Healthcare Professionals: An Exploratory Analysis in Adults at Primary Health Care in Brazil.

Counseling by health professionals has promising results in behavior change and is recommended as part of integrated community interventions. However, the knowledge about sedentary behavior (SB) counseling is incipient. The study aimed to identify the prevalence and explore the associated factors with SB counseling received from healthcare professionals by adults in primary health care (PHC) in Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 that included a representative sample of 779 users in all 15 basic health units (BHU) in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná. We identified those who reported having received SB counseling during a consultation. The association between the sociodemographic factors, chronic diseases, access to health services, physical activity, SB, and counseling were analyzed using Poisson regression in a hierarchical model. The prevalence of counseling was 12.2% (95% CI: 10.1-14.7%); it was higher in women (PR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.10-2.83), those aged ≥60 yrs (PR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.14-2.98), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (PR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.31-5.17), who consume ≥3 medications (PR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.06-4.59), and those who spend a prolonged period of the day engaged in SB (4th quartile PR: 3.44; 95% CI: 1.88-6.31). The results highlight that SB counseling is underutilized and incipient in PHC. Understanding these results can help managers and healthcare professionals in BHU teams to implement and direct specific actions to reduce SB in adults through counseling.

Effects of interventions for promoting physical activity during recess in elementary schools: a systematic review

Abstract Objective: Summarize the effects of interventions designed to promote physical activity during elementary school recess in children between 5 and 10 years old. Effective school interventions for children can promote physical activity and healthy behaviors. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Bireme, SciELO, Web of Science, PsychINFO, Proquest, Physical Education Index, Sports Discus, and Eric databases were included in the data search. Original intervention articles on physical activity that used regression methods, published between 2000 and 2019 in English, Portuguese and Spanish were analyzed. Analyses were performed in 2019. Outcomes were organized according to the direction of the association by independent variables. Ten articles were considered eligible for data extraction and evaluation. Results: Several strategies were used including playground markings, demarcation of physical activities zones, group activities, availability of sports equipment and facilities. Most of the studies were conducted in the United States. Recess periods ranged from 20-94 min per day and intervention time ranged from 6 weeks to 2 years. Recess duration and intervention effects were positively associated with physical activity. Gender (girls) and age (oldest) were negatively associated with physical activity during recess. Conclusions: Interventions based on modifications of school environment such as playground markings demarcation of physical activities zones, group activities, availability of sports equipment and facilities are cheap and cost-effective for increasing physical activity in school recess.

Effects of interventions for promoting physical activity during recess in elementary schools: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Summarize the effects of interventions designed to promote physical activity during elementary school recess in children between 5 and 10 years old. Effective school interventions for children can promote physical activity and healthy behaviors. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Bireme, SciELO, Web of Science, PsychINFO, Proquest, Physical Education Index, Sports Discus, and Eric databases were included in the data search. Original intervention articles on physical activity that used regression methods, published between 2000 and 2019 in English, Portuguese and Spanish were analyzed. Analyses were performed in 2019. Outcomes were organized according to the direction of the association by independent variables. Ten articles were considered eligible for data extraction and evaluation. RESULTS: Several strategies were used including playground markings, demarcation of physical activities zones, group activities, availability of sports equipment and facilities. Most of the studies were conducted in the United States. Recess periods ranged from 20-94 min per day and intervention time ranged from 6 weeks to 2 years. Recess duration and intervention effects were positively associated with physical activity. Gender (girls) and age (oldest) were negatively associated with physical activity during recess. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions based on modifications of school environment such as playground markings demarcation of physical activities zones, group activities, availability of sports equipment and facilities are cheap and cost-effective for increasing physical activity in school recess.

Class context, teacher's behavior and physical activity levels during physical education classes / Contexto da aula, comportamento do professor e níveis de atividade física durante aulas de educação física

ABSTRACT This study aimed at evaluating the association between class context and the teacher's behavior with the physical activity (PA) level of Elementary School students during Physical Education (PE) classes. Eighteen PE classes from six schools were assessed. Class context and the teacher's behavior were measured based on systematic observation, that is, by using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT), whereas the students' PA level was measured with accelerometry. Data were treated with descriptive statistics and shown as the percentage of the class time spent in sedentary behavior and at different PA levels. The association between class context and the teacher's behavior with different PA levels was assessed by applying binary logistic regression. The percentage of students with regard to the structured games (35.8%), skill practice (23.2%) and management (21.7%) represented 80.7% of PE class total time. General instructions (45.5%), management (28.7%) and observation (18.3%) were the most frequent teacher's types of behavior seen. It was found that the percentage of time students spent in sedentary behavior and at different PA levels during PE classes varied according to the class context and the teachers' behavior.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a associação entre o contexto da aula e o comportamento do professor com o nível de atividade física (AF) de escolares dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental durante aulas de educação física (EF). Foram avaliadas 18 aulas de EF de seis escolas. O contexto da aula e o comportamento do professor foram avaliados por meio de observação sistemática (SOFIT) enquanto o nível de AF dos escolares foi mensurado por acelerometria. Os dados foram tratados pela estatística descritiva e apresentados como proporção do tempo da aula em comportamento sedentário e nos diferentes níveis de AF. A associação entre contexto da aula e comportamento do professor com os diferentes níveis de AF foi testada pela regressão logística binária. Os escolares passaram mais tempo durante a aula de EF em AFs de intensidade leve (40,8%) e vigorosa (40,9%). A proporção do tempo da aula destinado aos contextos jogo estruturado (35,8%), prática de habilidades (23,2%) e gerenciamento (21,7%) representou 80,7% to tempo total. Os comportamentos mais frequentes do professor foram: instruções gerais (45,5%), gerenciamento (28,7%) e observando (18,3%). Verificou-se que a proporção do tempo dos escolares em comportamento sedentário e nos diferentes níveis de AF durante a aula de EF variaram de acordo com o contexto da aula e o comportamento do professor.

Characterization of physical activities performed by adolescents from curitiba, brazil / Caracterização das atividades físicas realizadas por adolescentes de curitiba, brasil / Caracterización de las actividades físicas realizadas por adolescentes de curitiba, brasil

ABSTRACT Introduction Various studies have been developed and published in relation to the recommendations for physical activity and associated factors. However, there is a lack of studies that detail the places where physical activity is practiced, as well as its frequency, duration and volume. Objective To describe the places, types, frequency, duration and volume of physical activities performed by adolescents in Curitiba, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in 2013-2014, through a household survey with 495 adolescents (12 to 17 years). The places used, and the frequencies of the practice of physical activity were self-reported as either "goes" or "does not go." The practice of physical activity was determined through the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents, by type, frequency, duration and weekly volume. The types of physical activity were described with frequency distribution, weekly frequency, duration, and volume, by the median and interquartile range. Gender comparison was tested with the Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0.05). Results The most frequently reported places for physical activity were public squares, parks, soccer fields, schools and sports halls. Soccer fields, schools, sports halls and skate parks were more used by boys, while girls attended gyms (p<0.05). The physical activities most practiced were soccer, skating/rollerblading, cycling, walking and active games. A higher proportion of boys practiced soccer, skating/rollerblading, cycling, running/jogging, and basketball (p<0.05), whereas the physical activities most practiced by girls were walking, walking the dog, dancing, playing games, and gyms (p<0.05). Sports (720 min/week), aerobic exercises (400 min/week) and conditioning exercises (345 min/week) were the activities with the highest weekly volume. Boys showed higher weekly frequency, duration and volume of practice of sports and active games than girls (p<0.05). Conclusion Public places with structures were the most used places, and sports were the most practiced activities. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied ''gold'' reference standard.

RESUMO Introdução Vários estudos sobre as recomendações de atividade física e fatores associados têm sido desenvolvidos e publicados. No entanto, faltam estudos que detalhem os locais para prática de atividade físicas, além da frequência, duração e volume. Objetivo Descrever os locais, tipos, frequência, duração e volume das atividades físicas realizadas por adolescentes de Curitiba, Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado entre 2013-2014, por meio de inquérito domiciliar com 495 adolescentes (12 a 17 anos). Os locais para prática de atividades físicas foram autorrelatados de acordo com a frequência semanal e divididos em "não frequenta" e "frequenta". A prática de atividade física foi obtida por meio do Questionário de Atividade Física para Adolescentes por tipo, frequência, duração e volume semanal. Os tipos de atividade física foram descritos com a distribuição de frequências, e a frequência, a duração e o volume, pela mediana e amplitude interquartílica. A comparação entre os sexos foi realizada com os testes de Qui-quadrado e U de Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05). Resultados Os locais mais relatados para a prática foram praças, parques, campos de futebol, escolas e ginásios de esportes. Campos de futebol, escolas, ginásios e pistas de skate foram mais utilizados por meninos, enquanto meninas utilizavam mais as academias (p < 0,05). As atividades físicas mais praticadas foram futebol, skate/patins, ciclismo, caminhada e games ativos. Uma proporção maior de meninos praticavam futebol, skate/patins, ciclismo, corrida/trote e basquete (p<0,05) enquanto as meninas realizavam caminhada, passeio com cães, dança, jogos e brincadeiras e ginástica de academia (p < 0,05). Os esportes (720 min/semana), exercícios aeróbicos (400 min/semana) e de condicionamento (345 min/semana) foram as atividades com maior volume semanal. Os meninos apresentaram maior frequência, duração e volume de prática de esportes e games ativos do que as meninas (p < 0,05). Conclusão Locais públicos e com estruturas foram os mais utilizados e atividades esportivas as mais praticadas. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMEN Introducción Varios estudios sobre las recomendaciones de actividad física y factores asociados han sido desarrollados y publicados. Sin embargo, faltan estudios que detallan los lugares para la práctica actividad física, además de la frecuencia, la duración y el volumen. Objetivo Describir los lugares, tipos, frecuencia, duración y volumen de las actividades físicas realizadas por adolescentes de Curitiba, Brasil. Métodos Estudio transversal realizado entre 2013 y 2014, por medio de encuesta domiciliar con 495 adolescentes (12 a 17 años). Los locales para la práctica de actividades físicas fueron auto-relatados de acuerdo con la frecuencia semanal y divididos en "No frecuenta" y "frecuenta". La práctica de actividad física fue obtenida por medio del Cuestionario de Actividad Física para Adolescentes por tipo, frecuencia, duración y volumen semanal. Los tipos de actividad física fueron descritos con la distribución de frecuencias y la frecuencia semanal, la duración y el volumen, por la mediana y la amplitud interquartílica. La comparación entre los sexos se realizó con Qui-cuadrado y U de Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05). Resultados Los lugares más relatados fueron plazas, parques, campos de fútbol, escuelas y gimnasios de deportes. Los campos de fútbol, escuelas, gimnasios y pistas de skate fueron más utilizados por niños, mientras que las niñas utilizaban más gimnasios (p < 0,05). Las actividades físicas más practicadas fueron fútbol, skate/patines, ciclismo, caminata y juegos electrónicos activos. Una proporción mayor de niños practicaban fútbol, skate/patines, ciclismo, carrera/trote y baloncesto (p < 0,05), mientras las niñas realizaban caminata, pasear con perros, baile, juegos y juguetes y ejercicio en gimnasios (p < 0,05). Los deportes (720 min/semana), ejercicios aeróbicos (400 min/semana) y de acondicionamiento (345 min/semana) fueron las actividades con mayor volumen semanal. Los niños presentaron mayor frecuencia semanal, duración y volumen de práctica de deportes y juegos electrónicos activos que las niñas (p < 0,05). Conclusiones Lugares públicos y con estructuras fueron los más utilizados y las actividades deportivas fueron más practicadas. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos; sin el estándar de referencia 'oro' aplicado constantemente.

Socioeconomic status moderates the association between perceived environment and active commuting to school.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the moderator effect of socioeconomic status in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school. METHODS: A total of 495 adolescents and their parents were interviewed. Perceived environment was operationalized in traffic and crime safety and assessed with the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale. Active commuting was self-reported by the adolescents, categorized in walking, bicycling or skating at least one time/week. Socioeconomic status was used as moderator effect, reported from adolescents' parents or guardians using Brazilian standardized socioeconomic status classification. Analyses were performed with Poisson regression on Stata 12.0. RESULTS: Prevalence of active commuting was 63%. Adolescents with low socioeconomic status who reported "it is easy to observe pedestrians and cyclists" were more likely to actively commute to school (PR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.03-1.13). Adolescents with low socioeconomic status whose parents or legal guardians reported positively to "being safe crossing the streets" had increased probability of active commuting to school (PR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01-1.20), as well as those with high socioeconomic status with "perception of crime" were positively associated to the outcome (PR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.03-1.72). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status showed moderating effects in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school.

Socioeconomic status moderates the association between perceived environment and active commuting to school

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the moderator effect of socioeconomic status in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school. METHODS: A total of 495 adolescents and their parents were interviewed. Perceived environment was operationalized in traffic and crime safety and assessed with the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale. Active commuting was self-reported by the adolescents, categorized in walking, bicycling or skating at least one time/week. Socioeconomic status was used as moderator effect, reported from adolescents' parents or guardians using Brazilian standardized socioeconomic status classification. Analyses were performed with Poisson regression on Stata 12.0. RESULTS: Prevalence of active commuting was 63%. Adolescents with low socioeconomic status who reported "it is easy to observe pedestrians and cyclists" were more likely to actively commute to school (PR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.03-1.13). Adolescents with low socioeconomic status whose parents or legal guardians reported positively to "being safe crossing the streets" had increased probability of active commuting to school (PR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01-1.20), as well as those with high socioeconomic status with "perception of crime" were positively associated to the outcome (PR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.03-1.72). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status showed moderating effects in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school.

Association between intention for physical activity practice, social support and physical activity / Associação entre intenção para prática de atividade física, apoio social e atividade física

Abstract Intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects have been widely correlated to variations on the physical activity (PA) levels. The aim of this study was to examine the moderating effect of intention for PA practice on the association between social support and leisure PA levels in a sample of college students from Curitiba, Brazil. A questionnaire was administered in a sample of 349 college students from a Physical Education undergraduate program. The variables intention to PA practice, social support (family and friends) and leisure-time PA were obtained through interviews. Poisson regression was used to test the moderating effect of intention to PA practice on the association between social support and leisure-time PA levels. The intention for PA practice showed no moderating effects on leisure PA. Social support from friends was associated with achieving recommended PA levels (≥150min/week), regardless of intention for PA practice (PR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.09-1.93). In this study, moderating effect of intention for PA practice on the association between social support and leisure-time PA has not been found.

Resumo Aspectos intrapessoais e interpessoais têm sido amplamente analisados e são aqueles que melhor têm explicado as variações nos níveis de atividade física (AF). O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito moderador da intenção para a prática de AF na associação entre apoio social e os níveis de AF de lazer em universitários de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Foi aplicado um questionário em uma amostra de 349 universitários de um curso de graduação em Educação Física. Foram investigadas as variáveis relacionadas a intenção para a prática de AF, o apoio social (familiares e amigos) e os níveis de AF no lazer. Foi utilizado a regressão de Poisson para testar o possível efeito moderador da intenção para prática de AF na associação entre o apoio social e os níveis de AF no lazer. A intenção para prática de AF não apresentou efeito moderador na AF de lazer. Foi encontrado associação entre o apoio social dos amigos e o cumprimento de ≥150min/sem de AF, independentemente da intenção para a prática de AF (RP: 1,45; IC95%: 1,09–1,93). Neste estudo não foi observado efeito moderador da intenção para prática de AF na associação entre o apoio social e os níveis de AF no lazer.